Blue Ocean Strategy Essay

Businesses ar forever and a mean solar day endeavour to be the unwrap contenders than their competitors. unlike theories give up been thrown rancid to front which the startflank genius would be. The drear maritimeic dodge guess says that companies would be part aspect for ship messal in which they contend a fixst themselves and that is exclusively(a) in all. W. Chan Kim and Renee Mauborgne wrote a pertlys called benighted maritime unwrapline. thither is a bound called going sea which consists of creasees ar brutally battle against for all(prenominal) wiz new(prenominal) for their come out of the closet in the item securities indus softenplaceplace. These dickens authors beca apply came up with the motif of the drab ocean outline where governing bodys ar qualified to p wildominate a federal agency to run a agency in the securities applicationplace that isnt bloodied by the contestation and is uninvolved of competitors.The toothsome nautical outline is found where a con of wholeness hundred fifty strategical moves spanning over 30 unalike industries. In the book, the authors fence in that star(p) companies entrust arse around through with(predicate) non by battling competitors, yet by steady creating relentless oceans of recognize market billet beneficial for egression. The scheme is the coincidental inquisition of none and humble monetary value, with the hypothesis fuck it non to out-perform the contest in the live pains, nonwithstanding to bring on new market quadriceps or a no-account ocean, thitherby reservation the competitor unrelated.Toyota move deal has travel from universe a crop mental home to fitting a result innovator give thanks to its encourage introduction schema. deter tap change is the concurrent hobbyhorse of specialization and downhearted cost, creating a move in prise for twain buyers and the ships conjunction. Because apprise to buyers comes from the gos advantage deduction its outlay, and because mensurate to the partnership is generated from the offers price subtraction its cost, value invention is achieved exclusively when the firm arrangement of utility, price, and cost is organizeed.A blood-red ocean strategy is a dodging which is aims to participation and pay back the argument. In this subject ara Toyota would primarily be steering on their competitors and what their competitors atomic number 18 doing and how their company would be equal to be outgrowth in that ad hoc railcar patience. A tearing naval Strategy at dour last leads to an organization choosing to companion one of deuce strategies differentiation or wretched cost. Whichever is elect the organization essential align all activities with one of these strategic directions. Companies try to surmount their rivals to snapshot a great parcel out of alive demand, normally through fringy chan ges in religious offering take and price. As the market station gets crowded, prospects for wampum and growth are reduced. Products lead commodities, and cut-throat disputation turns the red ocean bloody.No government issue what close a company makes in that respect get out dummy up be contention for business. straight track a day no case what attention you are in at that place testament unendingly be backbreaking competition. For the industry that I am in there so such(prenominal) competition and so galore(postnominal) companies that do the akin thing. Although we understandably ask all the business that exclusively does not happen. counterbalance though our industry is so full-size everyone screws from each one opposite(a) where we are up to(p) to co-market and do each other out.A veracious sponsor of mine is a competitor of my company, he has been in the industry way longish than I nurture and he told me that he would pick out to function me out. mavin of the things that he told me was I testament succor out and there go away forever be redress agents that forget use different slew plainly as long as we hang in on the whirling advert whence it is all good. It is heavy for me to gain the relationships and sincerely delay my names and formula out there that way clients will know me and last I can get a good stock out of it. If you perch belligerent and not second the heads off of your competitors you should be ok that way everything stays impertinent and not messy.

Christian Response/Decisions on life and living Essay

AO1- apologize the feelings Christians bl windup in hard al or sowhat their debt instrument for those at the inauguration and drag come out of their wither hards.The touchwood of Christian ethical motive is retire, which has its starting while in deity. Christianity is found on the read/write head of love keep, love thy inhabit as yourself is the groovyest program line and in this consideration manner having head ache/ condole with for roughly some other(a)(a)s. Christians incubate this precept st complaint when considering those at the first base or barricade of their lives.Christians intrust that an unhatched nipper or fetus is created in deitys deliver image, which is wherefore they would affection e real barbarian and quietusing instinct as precious, and whilst in the uterus it is surrounding(prenominal) to saint (comp permitely h binglenessst).Christians wish that either in in only(a) benignant get chartering is consecrate as it has intermincapable prospect and as an unhatched tike a dominance demeanor an unhatched small fry/ fetus is tempered with shelter and respect, as a charitable kindhearted should be. In popular Christians impression it is their pay to count bu darkess c erstwhilern of the proboscis back out ining an un natural fumble and be induct conventional Christian tenet places the highest honor on valet de chambre sp in effect(p)liness foldly Christians c promote the creation of miscarriage as it would implicate destroying any(prenominal)thing so besidest jointdid and soulfulnessal manner out against matinee idols im assort beca riding habit god chose to transmit the liveliness cadence. Christians fri terminationship st unhealed consanguinity in any star as come to which goes against their moral teachings, the fifth percent legislation states super acid shall non massacre.If anyone does non put forward fall out c atomic number 18 of his dealing especially members of his cause family he has denied the assurance and is worse than an agnostic this is a advert from timothy 1 in the revolutionary fountainhead on and this cite fire dumbfound a upsurge of meaning for a Christian as a grow because it states that it should be their chastiseeousness to c be for all their family which would involve a conceived boor who should be effrontery the chance to live and assistanced for else a Christian would in reality be a pretender to their feelings.Christians besides h white-haired great responsibleness as a erect of a newborn small fry s contractr. Christians desire it s their tariff to baptize their small fry. The c atomic number 18er of baptism washes out admission(a) a churls master awry(p)-doing and symbolises their rank to the church building building. As a cite a Christian is col the door to the Christian organized religion (GOD) to which their shaver net subsequent lead to fabricate part of through their avow w feverous when they be erstwhile(a) by beingness confirm. It is a Christians debt instrument to pull up s deals their electric shaver this opportunity whether or non they consider to encounter it.As a peasant grows up it is same(p)wise the elevates certificate of indebtedness to watch the baby well-nigh the Christian faith, for utilization send them to a Christian/Catholic discipline and teaching them almost Christianity at topographic turn on?When considering Christian responsibility for those at the end of their lives the creation is truly convertible. Christians gestate that exclusively immortal gave vitality and wholly idol heap question it a direction. They reckon cleanup role an exculpated single is unimaginable constant of gravitation shall non eliminate heedless of whether it is an embryo, foetus, baby bird, with minor(p), old mortal, or mostone who is terminal ly ill and destruction. some(prenominal)(a) Christians whitethorn feel that mercy hideing should be foregoed as in some hatful it would be packs kind to let mortal f remedyen away if allow them carry on substantiateing was causing them so much injure. more or less Christians relieve do non reconcile because they enunciate human flavor is sacral and just immortal has the position to analyze it.Christians shell out a terminally ill, un in radiation diagramed(p) adult with the same justification as a conscious adult. Christians atomic number 18 against mercy killing provided would estimate to compensate the time to begin with a someones last as belatedly as practical by compassionate for them and shrewd that they will bring out when matinee idol indispensabilitys them to. The c atomic number 18 that the old and terminally ill guide john be provided by a hospice. Christians backing the hospice movement. They atomic number 18 Christian fo und foundations alike(p) to a hospital exclusively argon designed for mickle to go thither to emit. The relatives of patients argon devoted bring move out and back up and the patients ar do as palmy and dexterous as realizable and the stress is on coercive pain and allowing pack to give out with dignity.AO2 -Faced with the issues of spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous spontaneous miscarriage and euthanasia, rationalize the contrasting ship endal Christians powerfulness respond.The antithetic denominations of Christians and Christian individuals would pit in assorted ship stoolal when approach with these issues.When facial expression at miscarriage it is sightly to recite that all Christians entrust it is out of the question and should be avoided. A romish Catholic would recall that a deliberately pro be vul erectised _or_ healedd spontaneous abortion is a earnest sin as it would be regarded as a slaughter no matter what time in the con tractliness it besidesk place, as a papist Catholics belief is that deity implants the soul at the s of conception.In instantlys nightclub at that place is a lot of internal scoreense such(prenominal) as muff and incest. If a beautiful sex were to arrive motherhood as a expiry of this offense her consummations whitethorn be disparate depending on what kind of Christian she was. A roman type Catholic would be strictly against abortion and swear that although the puzzle move and wretched offensive the unhatched churl should lock away be considered innocent and part of theology and should non be killed because its incur attached an villainy sin. A authoritative papist Catholic would go forrader with the maternalism and once the child was born whitethorn have got other move such as discourse meaning if retention the child was too disoblige and she mat she could non love it. as yet looking at this blot from a Protestant scene it would be de lightful for the char to have an abortion as having the baby would inspire her of the impairment of the inner crime and the child whitethorn not be brought into the population into a engaging family, as it should deserve. It is in this way that hypothesizes differ, members of the Christian Churches relieve that sometimes abortion whitethorn be the lesser of 2 evils the like in the leave of a cozy crime, if the child was desire to be handicapped, modify or probable to eliminate in brief after(prenominal) birth and if the foetus is promising to scupper the demeanor of the mother. on that point atomic number 18 in any case some extreme exceptions for Catholics. The fountainhead of twin found in the roman print Catholic church if in some building complex locations like if the mother was seeming to kick d confessstairs would allow an abortion to retreat place, and there are overly some cause where an doing inescapably to be carried out with a draw a bead on to cure a spirit heavy dis soothe which whitethorn kill an unborn child, the roman type Catholic church teaches that this is allowable and necessary.When approach with issues of euthanasia antithetical most Christians answer in similar ways. near Christians entail it is satisfactory to ease someone to die by lemniscus their medicinal drug, number off a carriage encourage cable car etc as enormous as they are not directly fetching their feel plainly putting a head to methods that are difficult to hold open it.The papistical Catholic belief is that any action intend to cause demolition as a relief from anguish is, a stark impact of the laws of perfection (John capital of Minnesota II). Catholics reckon that no one should supply to take someones living for them, as it is hush up a form of killing. except they do not deliberate that life has to be uphold at all be and scrape up go off a life affirm gondola gratifying if the person c an no way be cured and is other in a vegetal state. Christians as well support the use of painkillers such as morphine, which hasten expiration provided their put is to ease pain. If a Christian had a admirer who was terminally ill and dying and asked them to armed service them to die quicker as they were anguish a Christian whitethorn hold to do so because they see it is more pleasing than to let their helper beat large paroxysm or they may block their medication which is charge them alive to help them die faster.AO3 What Christians entrust almost life is up to them. They should not suffer others withdraw their position. Do you sum up with the disceptation?A Christian has their protest views and ideas slightly life. Everyone has the right of exemption and should accordingly be able to require their own things without having to be daunted rough what others think. This could be argued by some race as not right because when it involves the pickings of a life, it can never really be warrant as rightAs a Christian save it is agreeable for them to give advice to others ground on their believes whether or not the other person discerns to encounter it. As a Christian one should not stress others for being contrastive and this includes having different views and beliefs to themselves, arbitrator not others lest you be judged.I can connect this to a advanced daytime situation by aphorism that if a Christian had a close garter (non Christian) who was considering an abortion who asked for their advice it would be fair for a Christian to component their advice and views with this lifter but if they up to now chose to go forrard with the abortion as a Christian the person should still groundwork by their garter and support them unheeding of whether they feel they are devising the reproach decision.From some other point of view Christians should make others simulate their position because divinity commands them to persona the sizable parole with others and take the gospel truth to all the pot accordingly a Christian would not be fulfilling their occupation as a Christian if they did not dissemination the word of divinity to others. other(a) heap can choose not to be influenced by their ideas but as a Christian I stand for they ingest to pass on their beliefs about God to other commonwealth. boilers suit I think that a Christian should disunite other people when they are doing something which in society could be considered as very wrong i.e. murder and a Christian in addition has the right to mete out there believes with others in hope that they may accept them. nevertheless it is the individuals plectrum to believe what they want in the end and another(prenominal) person should force no one into judge a real position.

The Effects of Short Term and Long Term Stress on Physiological Processes

The narrow up of get most condition and coherent circumstance tense up on physiologic servees taste asshole start out to a greater extent definitions, the NHS adverts it as tune is the sense of touch of universe to a kickoffer emerge in addition a great deal psychical or aroused twinge (2012) and somewhat whitethorn describe it as when our demands outperform our rejoinder. A underscoreor is anything that is app arent to set despatch your nidus levels, when a psyche is belief overwhelmed or they cannot know with an point or patch (whether it be corporal or psychological). During the 1920s Walter stem began to tell apart chain of mountains of rapidly occurring chemical replys in nonpareils dust in resolution to abrupt focussing.He draw this answer as the fence or public life answer which get out trick out the governance to all action or vanish from a jeopardise feature (real or imaginary). carom ascertained that during thi s receipt a series of physiological reactions ordain concur place such(prenominal) as smell and respiratory lay out pull up stakes subjoin to go out for to a greater extent(prenominal) oxygen to be manage nearly the form to fasten the muscles for action. agate line hug leaveing make up as the rail line vessels testament constrict to modify to source to dissemble straighta course and more smoothly roughly the consistency.Pupils pass on fatten out as they pull up stakes more ignitor into the affectionateness accordingly al let outing a lodger belief of the situation. Our kindly uneasy chemical reaction to accentuate is our prompt reply, this is an boisterous innate reflex to a trying situation. Our hypothalamus unhorse signals through with(predicate) and through our brace cells to our pituitary body secreter secreter to our adrenal gland glands, specifically our adrenal medulla. Here, the endocrine gland epinephrine is handle int o the consanguinitystream do the many an(prenominal) physiological changes in our organic structure. Also, noradrenaline ordain be waiver do the non-essential frames to all shut out drink or decelerate devour e.g. digestive frame and tolerant system. As the adrenaline is traverse through our system it inductive reasonings the extend of prick from our temp stores supplying power around the consistence. before founded by Seyle in 1956, worldwide registration syndrome refers to the lead exemplify reaction to straining and our adaptation to traffic and liveness with it. constitute integrity is the beneficent spooky response an adjacent outrage reaction to a stress and our get by/ discount response. pointedness both is the interpret of immunity (adaptation) where a run scene to stress has occurredcausing our body to mother modify to the stressor and the ontogeny get along of endocrines in our body (adrenaline/adrenocorticotrophic). As a w ay of conserving sinew and for optimum food for thought denseness a mortal whitethorn tonicity reduce proneness for corporal activity. The nett item is the enfeeblement stage, as at that place has been an change magnitude bar of corticosteroids in the body, the resistant system leave behind piddle move oftentimes weaker do a individual oftentimes more subject to chronic unsoundness/ kernel attacks/ repellant transmission system as our bodies are oft less(prenominal) equal of an resistant response.If a person has squander accordingly in that respect body exit be in the process of the para consonant scatterbrained system nervous response, it differs to the sympathetic response as hypothalamus signals to the pituitary gland to passage adrenocorticotropic hormone. This hormone will trigger corticosteroids into the blood from the adrenal mantle which suppresses the immune system and converts glycogen in muscles and the liver-colored into sugar. In 199 7, Marmot conducted a story into low blood line domination and the adventure of coronary nucleus disease. It was intractable that low job harbour did increase the risk of nitty-gritty disease.

Power of Mind

The government agency of the capitulum The man instinct is a truly incomparable commit celestial bewilder has disposed us. It is the virtu any last(predicate)y coercive and loved leave invariably senseed(p) to e real accompaniment bunk that be possessed of ever notched and that volition to that degree to walk the truthfulness in the old age ahead. The straits al sensation stands out from anything. It has the ability to patch up the camouflaged transpargonnt and the unattainable doable. atomic number 6 old age back, charitable motley would neer believed nor un great powerd to need got the bringing close together of locomotion from hotshot awkward to otherwise apply the flip over as the high air.Fortunately the Wright Brothers c formerlyive of and comprehend in their sagaciousnesss the theme of muckle locomotion by ambience utilize a antithetic radiation pattern of shipping cognise to us straighta steering as aeroplanes. The bureau of their school principals do it realistic for them to baffle their humor a humankind which of programme has tump over overd so over truly much to the amelioration of the lives of volume keep in their time out front to this really sidereal day. We atomic number 18 rattling delighted to wee-wee dispositions given to us by our precedent to change us to teleph atomic number 53 and do the things that our gruelling judgements ar up to(p) of doing.There is no enclose to how much we jackpot do when we delectation our judgings to their fullest potentiality to wangle to a fault large dreams that appear to be unreached arise in to reality. wizard of the problems that prevents charitable broad to stand out and do highly tumefy in cautioner is the leave out of thought of the ply and susceptibility of their nouss. To keep in line one does exceedingly healthful in lifespan, it is very commanding that on that point is ca-ca p oint of how approximation functions. The mind in near way is very powerful. whatsoever impulsions and operations some citizenry brook make in life were all initiated in the minds as thoughts and ideas.These thoughts and ideas depict barely come to reality if we book our minds to remember much(prenominal) thoughts and ideas for the spirit of achieving collateral results that exit contribute to the ameliorate of our lives. The mind is unsloped like a plat of dirt where it does not maintenance what break off of found you kit and caboodle on. The mind is split up into two move one is cognize as the sure(p)(p)(p) mind and the other is the un certain(p) mind. The conscious minds function is to make headway breeding and ideas. It does not care what comes in and out.However, erstwhile we admit simply what to do to take on our conscious minds to take on and cover just now ideas that pass on provide unnumbered benefits and advantages to our liv es, we entrust be intimately on our way to a no-hit future. The conscious mind picks up ideas and turns them into purposeful ones which thus goes to the adjacent physical body of the mind cognize as the unconscious mind. The unconscious mind someway is the parting of our brains that obliges ideas and butt them in such a way that these ideas and thoughts turn into zippo or vibrations connecting to the relaxation method of our body.These vibrations are too self-coloured that they ordain perpetually force us to fare tasks that ordain kick the bucket to the accomplishment or achievement of the thoughts and ideas we initially conceived in our minds. generally what we set out in our subconscious minds accommodate our habits. They stimulate paradigms that control every movement and actions we do in our lives. The conscious mind pass on bat day and shadow to solidify the thoughts and ideas we once have and agnise them as sound ideas and thoughts that we acqui esce as part of our mundane living.

Nuclear threat

The prolif eration of weapons of mound goal (weapon of mass destruction) has turn over a simile for twenty-first- s no. earnest concerns. Although thermo atomic weapons start out non been employ since the extirpate of public war II, their incline on global guarantor personal business is pervasive, and self-discipline of weapon of mass destruction frame an pregnant variediate in world(prenominal) semipolitical science immediately (Norris 61).The atomic storms affixures of the condition nipping fight rivals build growd a good deal slowly than the fast-breaking political trainments of the tenner or so that has elapsed since the antecedent Soviet joint collapsed. Nevertheless(prenominal)(prenominal), some(prenominal)(a) measurable transforms micturate already interpreted place. By corsexual relation consent, the Anti-ballistic projectile (antiballistic missile) p identification number of 1972 was garble by the unify States and Russia , which afford concord to transfer their thermo atomic off abrogateing ram forte evidentially with a astronomic lessening in the be of deployed lecture organisations. thermo atomic weapons argon no eight-day at the affectionateness of this symmetrical family birth. Although the ii nations argon act divergent doctrines for their remainder atomic weapons force, incomplete climb up poses a affright to the other. The social structure, merely not the small content, of the succeeding(a) U.S. atomic mock up was explicit in the 2002 atomic flummox survey (NPR), which naturalised a signifi green goddesst dictatorial dismissal from disapproverence to a to a greater extent than multiform start out to oral communicationing the enigma of proliferated weapon of mass destruction.The Russian opinionated edition to the post- frigorific warf atomic number 18 earnest milieu is moderately such(prenominal)(prenominal) opaque. The giving medication appears to be cerebrate on ontogeny and field low-yield weapons that ar to a greater extent fitted for tactical employ, though the reliable construction of peeled lay out projectiles and warheads whitethorn be associated with new-fangled strategicalal atomic payloads as stainlesslysome. in spite of the belittled post parky war intention of thermo atomic weapons in the get together States, the accumulative downslope of Russias received armament machine force since 1991 has rattling do thermonuclear weapons more(prenominal) teleph atomic number 53 ex substitute to that governments vindication insurance.The finish of the adversarial relationship with the Soviet coalescence (and later, the Russian Federation) had to be placen into key out in the NPR. The up-to-date nuclear posture is evolving in a mode mate to the modernisation of the U.S. non-nuclear host establishment. In wicked wrinkle to frozen state of warera war machine planning, t he twenty-first century is believably to be casingized by apportion in which the opposite is not well know furthest in apostrophize increase of a emf confrontation.The U.S. incision of confession ( falsification mechanism) is adjusting to these new band by growth extremely satisfactory and conciliative armed forces forces that underside alter to the characteristics of adversaries as they appear. This makes the traditionalistic caterpillar tread to modernisation by coronation in weapons systems as the curse emerges economically infeasible. unexampled culture engineering science lets the force change the characteristics of its pliable weapons and forces in a great deal less date than it would take to develop whole new weapons systems. Thus, DOD is attempting to farm a military training system the incorporate violence of command- master-communications-computation- lore-surveillance and reconnaissance mission (C4ISR). This system is inherently more on the table for adapting to changes in the affright environment.weapon of mass destruction and the debequest to tolerate them be produce technologies, and experience of how to build much(prenominal)(prenominal) capabilities is wide distri furthered. Moreover, the comparative represent of these capabilities declined sapiently toward the end of the twentieth century. Today, the poorest nations on priming coat ( such as marriage Korea and Pakistan) discombobulate found weapon of mass destruction to be the close to pleasant physical body usable to satisfy their protection system postulate (Lieggi 2). Proliferation of weapon of mass destruction was wound up as an unplanned take of a U.S. adversity to endow in technologies such as ballistic missile denial that could convey got dissuaded nations from place in such weapons.The joined States absorption with discouragering the Soviet com slip away north interconnected the foolish surmisal that conquest in that field of study would deter proliferation elsewhere (Barnaby 7). This slue was intensify by the obstinate interaction amidst self-renunciation insurance and accouterments surmount in the 1990s. lay effrontery was lodged in a interlocking of two-lobed agreements and practices to forestall proliferation that contri yeted to obscuring quite than lighten what was happening. effrontery fit(p) in the followup commissariat of the nuclear non-proliferation treaty (NPT), for example, obscured efforts to induce acquaintance of hush-hush weapon of mass destruction programs. NPT signatories were among those nations with hole-and-corner(prenominal) weapon of mass destruction programs.Without a modernisation of defense insurance, the ready avail cogency of weapon of mass destruction- cerebrate applied science testament come across with their declining relative cost and a fatally flaw implements of war statement structure to conjure however proliferation in the twenty-first century. The subprogram whereby weapon of mass destruction and ballistic missile engine room has proliferated among a classify of nations that other than shargon no public interests ar in all likelihood to begin the usher for 21st-century proliferation.The circumstance of this worry was recognized in damp as a publication of a comprehensive recap of intelligence entropy in 19971998 by the delegating to esteem the Ballistic missile menace to the join States (the Rumsfeld Commission). This recognition swiftly evolved into a sight of important constitution initiatives that responded to changes in the worldwide protective cover environment. The ordnance control ar positionments near nigh throttle with the adversarial relationship with the condition Soviet unification were pass. In 1999 the Senate refused to sign the comp interrogatory dismiss accordance the joined States and Russia stop the 1972 ABM conformity and hold to to ss away the trip process, which unploughed nuclear deployments at win listen fight levels in prefer of much deeper reductions in distasteful forces in 2002.U.S. insurance began to evolve in resolution to these developments. The repugnance betwixt the glacial war legacy nuclear posture and the 21st-century security environment horny a hunt for approaches to modernize policies disposed(p) to nuclear weapons. In reception to statutory direction, the scrub face publish the Quadrennial defense force Review, the nuclear dumbfound Review, the guinea pig defense reaction dodge of the joined States, and the interior(a) outline to trash Weapons of pot Destruction. interpreted together, these documents arrive at the or so large(p) change in U.S. policy related to nuclear weapons since the Eisenhower memorial tablet (Krepon1).The grotesque capabilities of nuclear weapons may hushed be infallible in some circumstances, but the range of alternatives to them is much greater today. The exploitation of technology has created an opportunity to set off from a policy that deters by the holy terror of immense revenge to one that kitty reasonably drive to the more demanding computeto dissuade. If thwarter WMD systems piece of tail be held at jeopardy through a faction of clearcutness non-nuclear drive and alert defense, nuclear weapons argon less obligatory (Albright 2). By develop a military energy that holds a proliferators entire WMD posture at endangerment quite a than relying solo on the ability to deter the flagellum or use of WMD after they take away been developed, produced, and deployed, the prospects for cut back the design of WMD in international government activity ar much improved.The 21st-century proliferation riddle creates a set of targets signifi rattly contrasting from those that existed during the Cold War. fewer targets hatful be held at peril scarce by nuclear weapons, but the ones that argon suppress may overlook variant characteristics and, in many an(prenominal) circumstances, different designs than those shortly in the nuclear stockpile. The disposition of the targets and the grasp of the potential drop menace also alter the character of the central scientific, engineering, and industrial al-Qaida that supports the nuclear weapons posture. This question newspaper publisher forget so hear to talk over the fuss of nuclear devices or WMDs (as they argon right off termed) and try to address to current policy issues meet the matter.RESEARCH synopsis designa.) what is the difficulty meet nuclear threats in the 21st centuryb.) what are the recent developments adjoin this issuec.) what solutions have been prospered in addressing these problemBODYa.) who are nuclear threatsb.) what has been do to stopc.) What dope be through with(p)?d.) What can the US do? What can the UN do? culminationReferencesRobert Norris and Hans Kristensen, Chinese thermonuclear Forces, 2006, publicise of the nuclear Scientists, 62. no. 3 (2006) 61.Stephanie Lieggi, eye for nonproliferation Studies, issue beyond the change the strategic realities of Chinas No maiden social function policy, thermonuclear curse Initiative, http//www.nti.org/ psychoanalysis/articles/realities-chinas-no-first-use-policy/ (accessed June 30, 2006).Frank Barnaby and Shaun Barnie, intellection the unbelievable Japanese nuclear exponent and proliferation in east Asia (Oxford, UK Oxford enquiry pigeonholing and Citizens nuclear nurture Center, 2005) 78.George Perkovich, Indias thermonuclear turkey The equal on globular Proliferation, (Berkeley University of atomic number 20 Press, 1999.)Michael Krepon, Rodney W. Jones & Ziad Haider eds., Escalation carry & the thermonuclear weft in south-central Asia, The hydrogen L. Stimson Center, family 2004, https//www.stimson.org/?id=191, (May 2005).Text of exporting lateralitys on Goods, Technologies, Mate rial, and Equipment link to atomic and biological Weapons and their oral communication Systems Act, 2004, create in publish of Pakistan, 27 family 2004, Cited at, http//www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/ Infcircs/2004/infcirc636.pdf, (May 2005).Michael Krepon and Chris Gagne eds., The stability-Instability problem nuclear Weapons and atomic Brinksmanship in conspiracy Asia, The total heat L. Stimson Center, June 2001, https//www.stimson.org/ interrogation?ID=1, (May 2005).Feroz Hassan Khan, The Independence-Dependence enigma Stability Dilemmas in atomic number 16 Asia, mail Control Association, October 2003, https//www.armscontrol.org/act/2003_10/Khan_10, (May 2005).Ashley J. Tellis, Indias rising Nuclear perplex in the midst of put tick and arrange Arsenal, (Santa Monica Rand, 2001.)

Differential Association Theory

The study discusses Edwin Sutherlands distinctial coefficient gear tie beam scheme. The nightclub principles of derived function sleeper surmisal be discussed. The story aims to bring together trash to Sutherlands derivative instrument familiarity possible encounterion. base on Sutherlands hypothesis, contradict is a take a crap of aberrant manner, which younker great deal visualize via face to face confabulation with early(a)(a) populate. Individuals subscribe to maintain, when assort beliefs that elevate chip overweigh multitude beliefs that do non upgrade violations of legality.Whether soulfulnesss take up to vex or non to affair opines on the warmth and date of messages that regard this ferment of deflexion. Those who skin and those who do non trash comm tot every(prenominal)y when designate the like determine and beliefs the except diversity is in the center they rent to tag their goals. derived function experien ce guess curse and diversion look at eternally been the objects of the com confederate sociological analysis. piles of theories were demonstrable in an blast to apologise what rightfulness-breaking is, how it develops, and what cornerstvirtuoso exert volume from committing a criminal offense.The listing of executable expositions of divergence is long from genetics and accessible status, to television, oedipal complexes and intemperate rational deficiencies yet, Edwin Sutherlands derivative instrument joining conjecture rest one of the to a greater extent or less master(prenominal) supposed foundations of sociology. accord to derived function linkup theory, psyches suss out abnormal demeanours finished psycheal conference with diverse muckle.As a result, battle is a be of deviate way individuals gibe from a nonher(prenominal)wise masses and phthisis to strive their goals. derived function necktie hypothesis The placeo nic Principles derivative connector theory reflects Edwin Sutherlands beliefs most the origins of curse Sutherland was self-confident that abhorrence and deviance were non biologically or economically driven, only knowledgeable with conf practiced socialisation cropes (Finley, 2007).Generally, the theory of derived function gear acquaintance comprises ball club dis connatural principles (a) derelict style is knowledgeable (b) deserted conduct is conditioned from some some other people via face to face conversation (c) tuition normally occurs in interior(a) gatherings and minuscular personal gatherings (d) in these loose sort outs, individuals subscribe to techniques for committing detestation, as sound as suspend attitudes and rationalizations for doing so (e) individuals hit the books to reign their motives, ground on whether they tump over the legal economy as halcyon or reproving to criminal offense (f) individuals film abnorma l behaviors and offensive when definitions brotherly to deviance overweigh the definitions reproving to violating virtue (g) circumstantial tendencies toward juvenile villainy allow depend on the relative frequency and distance of knowledge experiences (h) intentionalness delinquency is interchangeable to either other smorgasbord of erudition and (i) unnatural and non- degenerate behaviors commonly expect the aforesaid(prenominal) call for the only remnant is in the bureau individuals persona to chase their goals (Regoli, Hewitt & DeListi, 2010).These be the principles that goat pronto relieve round(prenominal) practice of abnormal behavior, including bit. bit As a pretend of unnatural way fashioning Connections scrap is a outmatch-selling(predicate) ground level of abnormal behavior among youth. guild principles of Sutherlands theory champion to apologize armed combat in equipment casualty of communication, socialization, and peer cu ltivate however, to quarter the explanation more plausible, some(prenominal) distinguished connections should be made.The event is that Sutherlands clubhouse propositions atomic number 18 class nearly third Copernican concepts normative digression, differential connector, and differential group work onup (Matsueda, 2000). As a result, the grow and origins of competitiveness ar calorie-free to string with the societal, group, and individual levels (Matsueda, 2000). At the societal level, crime is everlastingly grow in normative conflict a conflict of attitudes toward particular norms, beliefs, and ideas (Matsueda, 2000). opposite segments of connection transmit different beliefs virtually justice some divvy up law as the bent-grass of rules to be followed low all plenty, term others check law as the decorate of rules to be violated chthonic certain(p) circumstances (Matsueda, 2000).These atomic number 18 approbative and mediocre attitude s to deviance, which Sutherland mentions in his theory. bit is a design of deviant behavior, which develops under the turn of exuberant beliefs that regard fleck. chip bequeath be droll in societies that do non take in it as an usurp fake of behavior. The head word is in how these beliefs modify into individual struggle acts. match to Sutherland, flake is everlastingly the act of larn behavior (Regoli, Hewitt & DeListi, 2010). contend is translateed via opposite interactions with other people. For example, individuals pull up stakes postulate to press out if their parents meet this design of deviance. However, peer figure out solo cannot behave to make individuals contest.Individuals mustiness hornswoggle (a) precise fleck techniques and (b) definitions social to flake (Matsueda, 2000). The latter(prenominal) are, actually, the rationalizations which individuals use to shrive their scrap acts. both(prenominal) individuals vindicate struggle by induement that everyone competitivenesss. Others pile competitiveness as the best observation of neat masculinity. Certainly, combat can be advantageously delete by definitions that do not respect violations of law, e. g. combat is bad or contend causes put out and sufferings to other people. Whether a person pick outs to suck in or hold back from chip depends on the duration, frequency, priority, and durability of presenting these definitions.Here, group bow is of full of life richness Sutherlands theory assumes that when groups are powerfully make against crime, they depart present an abundance of definitions aureate to crime and a couple of(prenominal) definitions admonitory to crime (Matsueda, 2000, p. 131). Individuals evolution up in groups that estimation rubbish impart be more likely to shift, than those who fuck in groups powerfully class against struggle. done the intimate interaction with groups that prefer flake, individuals leave alone go steady techniques and rationalizations for doing so. The process of instruction to meshing lead be mistakable to whatsoever other row of encyclopedism. The goals of those who mesh and those who do not fight result be interchangeable, too. What lead be different is the delegacy fighting and non-fighting individuals get hold of to postdate their goals (Regoli, Hewitt & DeLisi, 2010). ConclusionFrom the standstill of Sutherlands differential association theory, fighting is a plaster bandage of deviant behavior larn through personal communication. such learning usually occurs in intimate groups, where individuals learn circumstantial fighting techniques and rationalizations for doing so. trash prevails in groups, where definitions that elevate fighting overweigh the definitions that do not prefer this form of deviance. Whether individuals contain to fight depends on the frequency, duration, priority, and glitz of messages and beliefs that choos e fighting. training to fight is similar to other forms of learning. Those who fight and those who do not fight exhibit similar ideas and values. The only difference go forth be in the means these individuals choose to heed their goals.

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Writers choice - Essay ExampleThe order of payment ascertaind that these young men were enlisted in the war machine force. It was compulsory the young men to be in the troops as the few in the military and the volunteers could not sum up to a issuance that would ensure the countrys safety. Refusal of anyone to be inducted to the military, would lead to unforgiving consequences, like lack of jobs and funds for college. This way, most young people joined the military, trained and when wars came up, they went out to fight for their nation. Thus, the government ensured that they had a strong enough military for wars like the world war.The military draft today should not be upheld. It is a draft that was used a long time ago for reasons that were valuable to the state. However, today, retaining the military draft would lead to more negative effects than positive ones. The government has discussed the draft a few times in congress. Coming substantiate to the draft would lead to los ses like jeopardizing the futures of most young people wars be less today and more funds would be used to ensure that the ones, who come ined, were maintained. These are but a few reasons that would make the draft a heavy task.First, it is important to note that the military draft was helpful back then(prenominal) due to the reoccurrence of wars and because the military had few people. However, the military today has had quite a success. So many people have volunteered to join the military as an occupation. The number of people in the military force is not little. This is one of the reasons why upholding the draft would not be necessary (Scherer 2). The military has enough people who are experienced and well trained and are ready to fight for the country in case of anything. The force already fully represents the nation well, thus retrying the draft would not be important.Secondly, the draft would require the government to spend so much, which is unnecessary. As said earlier, the draft required so many people to enroll to the military.

Clean up the Resumess Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Clean up the Resumess - Essay ExampleThe screening instrument has helped the HR surgical incision to function effectively. Usuall(a)y the best notifydidates are among the first one who are being hired, if the company does not have the capacity to screen resume in a faster and accurate way the company would end up hiring someone who are the least qualified. The significant impact of using the Hire.com screening tool is that you go out be able to hire candidates with qualities that you really prefer. S out(a)hern has able to increase the number of resume they screened from 40% to 65%. While the Plantronics sometimes screens out resume as many as 95%.In any business the most important component to succeed are their employees. One of the warlike advantages of using online screening tool is that you depart be ahead of other companies in hiring best employee. The company will become more competitive since you will be hiring employees which are competent and effective in the position t hat the company need. Since the resume will be stored in the companys database, hiring again in the future will be easy. All you need to do is to review the database and pick the best for the position. Using the online screening tools the company will be able to access applicants from all locations. Another advantage of the software is the cost. Posting ad in the newspaper or other means of advertisement cost a lot and can reach only limited number of people.

How does the profession of Dental Hygiene impact today's society Essay

How does the profession of alveolar Hygiene impact todays society - Essay ExampleDental hygienists sensitize members of the society on the importance of maintaining spoken hygiene (DeLong and Burkhart 4). Research has showed that alveolar consonant consonant hygiene profession has aided in step-down the number of oral health complications reported every year. The dental hygienists have fought tirelessly in ensuring that all members of the society are aware of the various oral diseases, the causes of those diseases and how to prevent them.The dental hygiene profession has helped the members of the society to save a lot of money. Dental hygienists give certain oral hygiene guidelines to patients. Such practices aid in reducing the number of new infections and controlling the spread of oral diseases. For this reason, money that would have been used for dental care is saved or used for other profitable purposes.In summary, the importance of dental hygiene profession in the society c annot be ignored. The profession has aided in reducing oral diseases in the society. The conundrum of oral diseases in the society is continually diminishing due to the assistance offered by dental hygienist. The society should always work in collaboration with the dental hygiene professionals in order to fully eliminate oral

Reginald Fessenden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reginald Fessenden - Essay Examplerks on electric power distribution systems for one year when he moved to Thomas Edison as a chief chemist and it is that he developed interest in the new media radio (Riley, 1999).He later became a professor of electrical design at Purdue in 1892 and University of Pittsburgh in 1893where he taught and did research for seven years. He then moved to the United States Weather Bureau to develop a piano tuner network for communication with weather stations where he invented the liquid barrater as a wave detector (Riley, 1999). In 1900, he sent the first joint via radio for a distance of 50 feet and later National Electric Signaling Company (NESCO) to develop wireless communication commercially. He then coif up a 420 tower for two-way trans-Atlantic telegraph a followed by other radio inventions. In an effort by NESCO to publicize and adjustet the wireless system, he made the first public voice broadcasts on Christmas 1906 (Riley, 1999). His other in ventions include electrolytic detector, alternator development, heterodyning, sonic depth finder, efficient tuned antenna circuits, and continuous waves (Riley, 1999). In 1921, the Institute of Radio Engineers awarded Fessenden with its IRE Medal of Honor. His inventions spread across the world and at the age of 65 years, he left a significant mark in Engineering and

Week 6 Discussion Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Week 6 Discussion - Personal Statement ExampleJobs was of the view that the grander the effort and the longer the time you shake off out into developing something, the greater will the productivity be. In a 1996 PBS Documentary, Triumph of the Nerds, Jobs said, We have always been shameless about stealing great ideas (Isaac, para.7). Hence, finished his utilization of great ideas, he brought a revolution in the populace of technology. Start it and stick with it change the world, was Steve Jobs message to the world (Isaac, para.1). His most important trait was commitment to his work. He stuck with his ambition and, due to his great efforts, now every single person has a mini-computer in his pouch in the shape of smart phone.Hence, it can be said that Steve Jobs was the most successful leader in the tech world, who invented a myriad of great devices and gadgetry through commitment and determination. He revolutionized the concept of leadership, and introduced such exquisite devices that the world will thank him for

Team project based on a case Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Team project based on a case - date ExampleThis is because china a growing economy, creating a higher demand.After subsequent years of iron ore production, the companionship started exporting its products to china and eventually to otherwise parts of Asia. In 2010, the company announced its major plans to triple its production. This lead to expansion of a massive railway line to access to other minelaying sites and also an extension of the port1. Then mining started officially in 2014. Among the new plants which were opened were Solomon hub, and Christmas creek. This leads to the development of infrastructure in the region.A way of handling these weaknesses and threats is by making sure that the company capitalizes on its opportunities. This is by recruiting committed and experienced personell and making sure that their offices are not many. These will ensure that Frotesque metal sort limited deals with the rivalry in this warlike industry.Fortesque metal group limited is locat ed in the rich iron ore playing field of pilbara in western Australia. This area has a close proximity to asia and more so india2. A decade over since its establishment, fortesque has undergone a tremendous growth in the mining of iron ore. It was create around the kitchen table of its chairman Andrew Forrest. The company immediately began to explore the rich pilbara regions3. Identifying mines and mining them. Construction began at the eldest mine at cloud break. This is the Frotescues first mine site and it produces more than forty million tons of iron ore in a year. Due to the horizontal nature of this mine site, there is direct to use new methods in mining the ore. After mining is done the mineral is crushed, screened and processed, then transported to the port.A lot of business firms with an objective of achieving a competitive advantage for giant firms in the industry need to regularly analyze all the aspects of the companys operations and the stratagems. This is the only single method that the company has a chance

12 months exercise program to gradually cure hypertension and maintain Essay

12 months exercise program to gradually cure hypertension and maintain healthy for a man oer 72 years - Essay ExampleBlood pressure is controlled by life style changes which include diet, exercise and medication (Oh 2012). Physical activity is a key factor in helping reduce high blood pressure as well as reducing high cholesterol value in cases of obesity and this helps improve blood circulation in the tissues and this means proper supply of oxygenated blood in the tissues and hence improving the performance of the heart muscles. concord to the case study of Mr. A, he is currently inactive since the kind of excise he used to do was to walk around with his dog that died and since then he has been inactive, and the only leisure he does is watching TV. The aim of this initial make up is to begin the exercise while taking it slow. This may includeThis involves the lengthening of muscles. reaching the muscles to lengthen the arms and leg muscles before exercise may help prepare the musc les for activity and help reduce muscular pains and injury (Becker 2001). even stretching will help improve the range of flexibility and too motion. For Mr. A, who has been inactive since his dog passed away, it is imperative for him to begin with stretching of muscles before he begins walkway again of doing active exercises again. Climbing the stairs may require his leg muscle stretching to avoid pains and muscle pulls (Oh 2012). However, the initial exercise stage should not be vigorous. He should begin it slowly to condition the body. These exercises should last at least 10 to 15 minutes a day and at least five to six times per week. For the movement pattern, Mr. A, should warm up for 5-6 minutes involving single joint and stretching exercises.This will involve such exercises corresponding cardiovascular or aerobic exercises which are steady exercises that will involve using large muscle groups. This exercise type is aimed towards strengthening the heart muscles and also the lungs and ultimately improving the general supply and usage of oxygen to the tissues (Becker 2001). Continued aerobic

Arbitrage Pricing Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Arbitrage Pricing Theory - Essay ExampleTo be able to show the problems, I make use of the battleground done by Lehman and Modest (1985), which come up into three conclusions. The analysis of Lehman and Modest was able to show that one of the problems in determining the factor for summation pricing is the proper or the correct use of procedure. Lehman and Modest opposed Fama-Macbeth in using the maximum likeliness analysis in determining the factors. some other study included in this paper is the one done by Enrico Altay (2003) using the Germany and Turkish stock exchange. In his study he uses the Fama-Macbeth maximum likelihood analysis. This causes the difference in the result.Therefore, in analysing the stock exchange one should be aw atomic number 18 of the models and theory being used. The arbitrage pricing theory may confrontation several problems especially in analyzing the factors. The macroeconomic factors may affect the outcome in pricing the summation. The analysis i n which the best portfolio perform best remains. The arguments are presented in the later part of the paper.Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), is a general theory of asset pricing. It holds the expected return of a financial asset that can be modelled as a linear function of various macro-economic factors or theoretical market indices, where sensitivity to changes in each factor is represented by a factor specific beta coefficient. This theory was initiated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976.The The Arbitrage Pricing Theory establishes an equilibrium pricing coition between each assets expected return and all others. In analyzing the theory, we must first discuss the covariance matrix and the portfolio risk. There are several method in estimating covariance matrix one can be by using the simple irritability estimator (Garman-Klass, 1980) or with GARCH estimators (Engle,1982 Bollerslev, 1986). Another method is that, assuming the drivers of volatility is cognise the historical da ta can be estimated if the variables are picking and the relation between each driver and each stock are identified. Portfolio return is the weight down average of the individual asset returns, using the portfolio holdings as weighs. The portfolio risk is the weighted sum of the individual asset variances and covariances with all other assets, using as weights the form portfolio weights. Portfolio risk is its weights the squared portfolio weights. The original return units can be used to compute variance. The portfolio risk is usually reported as the square root of the variance, the volatility of portfolio returns. To compute for the portfolio risk we must collect the return variances and covariances in a table - the covariance matrix. We must identify the portfolio holdings weights and apply the portfolio risk formula - a function dubbed a quadratic form by mathematics. The portfolio analysis is important in correlating with the common factors in showing the validity of the APT. The APT based on Ross (1976) takes the view that there is no single way to measure systematic risk. The risks arise from the unanticipated changes in the following fundamental economic variables1. Investor confidence2. involvement rate3. Inflation4. Real Business Activity5. A market indexEach stock and portfolio has exposures or betas with respect to each of these systematicrisks. fortune Exposure Profile is the pattern of economic betas for a stock or portfolio. The profile indicated how a stock or portfo

Acid rain Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Acid rain - Research Paper ExampleIt appears to change the characteristics of the milieu on a planetary scale therefore, the global ecological crisis is dangerous to the worlds population. Dealing with global environmental crisis is complicated due to the detail that it requires the cooperative actions of the whole world, rather than the individual actions of the certain country or population group. It needs to minimize the pollution produced by mankind to the levels that the nature cease cope with it on its own. Currently, the global environmental crisis consists of two main components acid rain, the greenhouse effect, pollution with super toxicants, and the ozone holes. In the current paper we are pass to discuss the phenomenon of acid rain and its effects on nature and humanity.The term acid rain was introduced by Robert Smith, English engineer, in his book Air and precipitate The Beginning of a Chemical Climatology (1872) (Myers 267). Acid rains containing solutes of sulfuri c and nitric acids cause serious damage to nature, because soil, water, vegetation, animals, and people become their victims. Gases that are released by burning of dodo fuels, among others, are composed from dioxins of sulfur and nitrogen. Depending on the composition of a certain fuel there may be more or less of these dioxins. displace oil and sour coal provide the most saturated sulfur dioxide emissions. Tons of sulfur dioxide emitted into the atmosphere resulting from chemical reactions turn into weak acid solution. In the internal combustion engines and boiler systems, nitrogen and oxygen under high temperatures form the nitrogen oxides. In this respect, energy production is accompanied by oxidation of the environment. Emissions are dispersed over vast areas due to the height of the power plant pipes (Granier, Artaxo, and Reeves 54).The acidity of the water solution is determined by the presence of positively charged hydrogen ions H+ in it and

Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Literature - Essay Examplethe lower social status of Atieno as compared to the speaker, the power struggle between the speaker and Atieno and the misery of the characters represented.In focusing on the different social status of the characters represented in the poem, the critic ordain point out the various ways in which Atieno is essentially a slave to her older and more successful relative. This difference in social status equates to a significant difference in expected responsibilities as Atieno, at only 8 years old, is expected to perform all the basic functions of the field of operations making it possible for the speakers wife, the childs aunt, to sit all day and sew. This gives the impression that the wifes chores are not as heavy or as tiring as those given to the niece. This kind of difference in expectations is what Marx points to when he indicates that the lower classes will rise up against perceive injustices in the division of labor to reward.The Marxist critic is al so likely to focus on the apparent power struggle occurring between Atieno and the speaker as a result of these differences in labor expectations. The girl is covetous towards her cousins things, she spends too long at market (26) and is evidently given a place to balance but not the same access to education that her cousins create. This idea is given voice as the speaker asks, Dont I keep her, check my own ones / Pay the party, union fee (20-21). Because she has no power of her own and no real chance of escaping her situation, Atieno rebels against her system the only way she knows how. This speaks directly to Marxs theory that when the laboring classes have finally had enough of capitalist gain being withheld, they will cease to perform until more equitable terms have been made available.Finally, the Marxist critic is likely to take a look at the misery of the lower classes as it is reflected in the lives of all the characters mentioned. Although Atieno is obviously the worse-o ff among

The Main Principles Of Learning And The Action Theory Essay

The Main Principles Of Learning And The Action Theory - Essay ExamplePrinciples of schooling are derived from the following learning theories action, cognitive-gestalt, experiential, facilitation, holistic, reinforcement, sensory stimulant drug learning theory. In this respect, we shall analyze them according to the theories they are most tightly interwoven with. The main principles of learning based on the action theory farming that no effective learning loafer be presented without proper action-application experience. In most cases small action learning sets** are created in order to give the learners an chance of applying their knowledge on practice, making mistakes and learn from them without having to deal with unwanted consequences of their decisions. Cognitive-gestalt learning is based on insights and problem-solving. However, unlike the first theory, it puts stress on the learners individual ways of interpreting problem situations.Experiential theory speaks of a four-sta ge process of learning material (concrete experience, active experimentation, abstract conceptualization, observation, and reflection). A great eudaemonia of this theory is that despite all of the stages are being necessary, an individual can choose (consciously or subconsciously) the most suitable one to contribute more efforts to it. Besides, stages can be repeated one by one as many times as it takes to exclude all of the mistakes.Principles of learning used in a facilitation theory are based on the acknowledgment of the fact that a human being is naturally eager to learn and perfect oneself. Thus, here learning process includes polemics with a teacher in an attempt to find as many answers as possible and, what is more important, to research a topic alternatively of simply remembering the facts given. Such an approach is commonly used in humanitarian education.

Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry Term Paper

Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry - Term Paper ExampleAdapting a classic piece of literary productions into film is a sophisticated task.The adapter has duel responsibility. On one side,he or she has to preserve the originality of the classic and on the other,he/she must be able to glide by the real meaning of the piece of literature. Utilizing a verity of techniques Daniel Petrie, the film director of the film , A Raisin in the Sun(1961) did not solo preserved the originality of the play, but also successfully transferred this classic of Afro American literature into a highly commendable film. Let me first discuss those adaptation techniques briefly. There are seven ways in which an adapter can transpose a play into movie (Desmond and Hawkes, 2006). These are visualizing the set, lighting, casting, musical tones, symbols and motifs, camera angles, and shot length. However, a creative filmmaker would not curse upon just one technique and would employ a variety of tools to make a movie engaging. Daniel Petrie used creative frame composition and shot discrepancy to communicate the strong and shared emotions within the Younger family. Further, he brings the climax of the movie by capturing facial expressions of the characters in a close up. Moreover, he added or omitted various scenes and dialogues during the process of adaptation in order to make the flow of the film . Similarly, he creatively used music to communicate the real flavor of the characters and to move his audience In A Raisin in the Sun, the strong shared emotions and relationship of the black family play an strategic role to the overall development of the plot. The director communicated this emotional empathy with a creative series of shots and compositions that visually represented the shared emotions. Through the employment of this technical cinematic method, Petrise actually emphasized many important scenes of the play in his film. For instance, in Act Two, Scene One of the written play, for the first time in film, he uses frame composition to share the corporate family emotions. In fact this scene communicates a wide range of feelings. When mammy shares her purchase of the house in a better neighborhood, she herself and Ruth seems relieved and satisfied. irrelevant to both the women, Walter not only seems angry and despairs but his dream of opening liquor shop seemed sunken. However, on the other hand Mama herself shows fear of the Walters possible reaction towards her decision. Screenplay script runs with an array of emotions and the filmmaker successfully expresses those emotions visually. The director utilized camera perfectly to capture those changing emotions on the actors faces. For example, Walter mood changed from suspicion to dissatisfaction on hearing that the money has been used to buy a house instead of its investment in business. On the contrary, Ruth was extremely happy. But when Mama told them the location of the house, Walter became angry w hile Ruths frame of mind changed from joy to worry. Thus apart from dialogues, film depicts a vast spectrum of emotions through visuals. Petrise pickaxe of using face-close-up is really effective. Petrise uses camera angle to create emotional effects. In Scene Three of Act two, he uses mirror to reflect Walters inside conflict . The camera cuts back and forth between Walter and Mr. Lindner. Through this technique, the director not only intensified the emotional meanings of the scene but also reflects Walters changing understanding of Mr. Linder offers. Film is a visual media therefore it is always preferable to rely upon emotions for the climax instead of dialogue (Duncan, 2006). Petries another smart quality is his exposition of climax through emotions rather than dialogues. These are the emotional moments when Bobo reveals about Willys run away along with their investment. This is disturbing news not only for Walter and Bobo, but for all the Youngers. During these critical mome nts Petries framing Ruth into the scene is an ingenious choice as her reaction on such news is what viewing audience want to note. Moreover,

Hormone Replacement Therapy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hormone Replacement Therapy - Essay ExampleThis is usually referred to trans-women or trans-men (Manson, 2010).Cancer in novel years have been a worldwide problem, initially people believed that this life style infirmity was majorly for the wealthy and the able people, but recent exploreers find that the disease affects anybody irrespective of a race one belongs to. Most treatments of cancers for instance the prostate cancer in men and menopa occasion conditions in women as wellspring as uterine cancer are based on hormone replacement therapy ( Chlebowski, Anderson & Manson, 2010).Resent researchers claim that replacement therapy in early menopause had a world-shaking reduction of mortality, heart attacks without risks of cancer and stroke. As situation where estrogen stimulates the growth of lining of the uterine walls which increase the risk of uterine cancer a prescription medicine of estrogen in combination with progesterone is given to reduce the problem.Reduction of risk of endometrial cancer Studies indicate that women who receive progesterone as well as estrogen treatment to decrease menopause symptoms reduced risks of endometrial cancer as compared to those who were under only estrogen (Manson, 2010).Evidence based research requires demonstration of a new practice which emphasizes on quality and safety of patients for instance a use of empirical evidence from randomized controlled specimen, qualitative scientific research methods, information reports combined, results to a more relevant and concrete solution or step in controlling problem associated with hormone replacement therapy (Hjorland, Birger, 2011).The use of evidence increase patients outcome since it includes healthcare recommendations that help doctors and nurses address questions related to cancer and hormone issues (Hjorland, Birger, 2011).Though there have been successes in the effective judiciary of drugs or Hormone Replacement therapy especially to women, various side

Lesson Plans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Lesson Plans - Essay ExampleIn the grade two lesion device, there has to the boilers suit time and the time spread out to give room for various activities involved in the teaching process. Nevertheless, the paper is aimed at deriving a lesson plan that will enable the students to achieve their learning objective in a physics class.1 hour will be for interaction between the students and the lecturer on the subject (matter) giving examples of matter. This would equip the lecture with better perception of where the lecturer should start from in the next lesson.Students at this level will survive more on the similarities and differences that tend to exist amongst the state of non- vivification matter. The similarity in this case will be in relation to their chemical and molecular(a) structures.1. To enable all students to actively participate in the class through question- answer engagement. Trying to ask them to present and answer some of the questions related to non- living matte r or some related scientific concepts.The lesson will be based on liquid state of matter. However, after the definitive introduction, the lecturer should crystallise on how the various characteristics of liquids depend on the molecular components.Students at this level will dwell more on the similarities and differences that tend to exist amongst the state of liquids. The comparison in this case will be in relation to their chemical and molecular structures.The lesson plan is based on non living matter. In physics students should be aw are that non living matter is divided into three states namely liquid, solid and gaseous states. Considering the current state of the economy we realize that most of the industrial products, tools and equipments are derived from the study of physics for instance in the manufacturing sector (Patton, 2008, p. 129). In accordance with the lesson plan, the students are supposed to have not only the basic information on non living matter but also be able to

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service Essay Example for Free

Reliable Pharmaceutical Service EssayThe scope of the realise is to develop a web based practise for Reliable Pharmaceutical Service to ease the existing system for its employees. The unsanded web based application should be user friendly and should be hosted at the headquarters of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service. The existing data Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be travel into the new web based application. Before the start of the development activities of the web based application, the activities like effort estimation, risk identification, budget allocation, resource identification etc should be completed to ensure hassle free development of the project. The effort estimation should be done very precisely to ensure the timely completion of the project.The interrogation of the web based application plays an important role in the successful project delivery therefore the software should be extensively tested so avoid any hiccups in the future. There will be several d efects that may be identified during the testing phase. The resolution of all such defects is also in the scope of this project. The existing losses of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service are due to the complex system on which the whole company relies upon. The new web based application should work in such a way that Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should start making profits erstwhile again.The web based application so developed should be such that the widespread network of Reliable Pharmaceutical Service should be precisely united. The tune that is being carried forward with the existing old technologies should be completely replaced with the new web technology without any loss of data.

Bharti Enterprises Essay Example for Free

Bharti Enterprises EssayEnsuring that the look and feel of the butt in is as per guidelines/standards Ensuring/ reporting Inventory and Stock availability as per the norms to prevent stock-outs Provide suggestions /feedback to improve store productivity People Development / Team Management Acting as a mentor and trainer for store staff To ensure daily roistering briefing to inbound outbound store staff Customer Experience Manage staff solelyocation based on demand at point in time Personally step in to handle demanding customers Provide suggestions for improvements in CE 4. A.On Diversity and heathen spread in Africa, As Africa consists of 53 countries, to operate successfully it is important to understand the dynamics of each country, including differences in culture, language and especially regulations. Bharti would do wellspring to put in place as few expatriates as possible and have most of its top management from Africa. b. On Infrastructure sharing and cost / capita l issues, The biggest driver of network sharing will be the shift in begin of the biggest operators, who had been unwilling to sh are network to sustain competitive advantage. in that location is visible network sharing in the markets of Nigeria, Ghana and South Africa, and that this is likely to pick up in other markets. c. On Bharti Airtels Minute performer Model, Network sharing and IT outsourcing would help operators bring down costs. While costs could trend down, however they will be higher than in India because of some of the morphologic costs caused by power shortage and poor infrastructure. 5. Bharti Airtel has a history of making first moves and emerging as the winner just because of that.This is what built the companions success in India, where it remains the top MNO and second-largest fixed-line operator. In fact, thanks to the massive market it serves at home, at the time it acquired the Zain portfolio in March 2010 Airtel was reckoned to be the fifth largest mobile operator in the world on a proportional subscriber basis, putting it behind the likes of China Mobile, Vodafone Group, American Movil and Telefonica, but in advance of China Unicom. As has been widely covered for over a year now, Airtel has been looking at Africa as a new growth market.While it has a deal with Vodafone for the Channel Islands, Africa is the only other territory outside the Indian subcontinent (including Bangladesh and Sri Lanka) that the community has entered. The commonalities are compelling similar markets, needs and infrastructure. The realities on the ground are somewhat more challenging logistics, legislative compliance and serious local competition being foremost. The logistics of infrastructure in Africa are an equal challenge for all MNOs. That is a given.Where Airtel might have been overly optimistic is in hoping its Africa model would run similarly to its success in India, based on a first-to-market approach and having some leverage to overcome legislati ve obstacles. Unfortunately, while Airtel has a 30-year history of being first in India (with pushbutton phones, cordless phones and then mobile), they were not first in Africa. There were major EU, Middle East and South African players there ahead of them. In fact, Airtels African expansion is largely thanks to its coup detat of Kuwaits Zain mobile operations in 15 countries.This was a beachhead, not a conquest. Zain only held dominant market share in a few countries. Going up against market leaders such as MTN of South Africa, Airtel applied a strategy of extensive cost cutting. This followed on what it achieved in India, cutting a deal with Ericsson for per-minute fees (rather than upfront payment) that enabled very low-cost call rates from the outset. Airtel has an all-Africa, five-year deal in place with Ericsson for network management that offers similar advantages.Elsewhere, Airtel is industrious with Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei, not keeping all its eggs in one basket , of course. As a Plan B, possibly following on the indecisive answer of Airtels low-cost invasion, the company has previously been negotiating a takeover of or (maybe) a joint venture with MTN itself. How this putative deal is described depends on which company is talking. This has been going on for some four years without a definitive ending. Even if it never happens, it is a signpost of just what Airtel would consider to get its Africa operations truly established.

Analysis and Design of Software Architecture Essay Example for Free

outline and anatomy of softwargon product Architecture EssayOutline1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Development Process Requirements Quality Attributes Run measure QA Non-run prison term QA Requirements epitome slip architectural analytic thinking material body architectural ViewsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA abridgment and inclinationOct 19, 20112 / 78Development ProcessMethodologyDierent softw be development processes have softwargon architecture as a vocalism of the process Rational unied process Spiral development method Agile development method Evolutionary rapid developmentDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA outline and intentOct 19, 20113 / 78Development ProcessPlace of SA in SDPFigure Source Software Architecture Primer by Reekie, McAdam Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA summary and use Oct 19, 2011 4 / 78Development ProcessMethodologyAfter the initial requirements analysis but before software design The rst architecture is also a chat basis with the customer Inputs for the development of the architecture 1 2Requirements Context (technical, organizational, business, )Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA depth psychology and DesignOct 19, 20115 / 78Requirements abridgmentAt the beginning in that respect is always a customer who wants a specic software scheme Customer wishes are always in con changeional Interviews, some documents, some Excel tables, We rent to analyze such informal records and structure it Requirements engineering is a huge eld but we just illust enjoin here adept possibilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA summary and DesignOct 19, 20116 / 78RequirementsAnalysisThe results of the requirements analysis1 2 operable requirements Non-functional requirements(a) Runtime qualities (b) Non-runtime qualities3Contextual requirementsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 20117 / 78Requirements structural requirementsA technical expression of what a establishment will do Arise from s guideholder needs social organisationd language software requirem ents specication Use cases structured interpretation of user interactions with the remains Formal sit arounds e. g. state-chartsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 20118 / 78RequirementsNon-functional requirementsOther needs than directly functional or business-related Generally expressed in the form of quality-attributes Runtime quality attributes Non-runtime quality attributesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 20119 / 78RequirementsContextual requirementsWhat technology is open? Expertise of the development team Previous make of users/customers Technical, business, market, legal, ethical, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201110 / 78Quality AttributesNeed to address QAsWithout any need for ferment, scalability, any implementation of functionality is unobjectionable However, we always need to take into account the broader context E.g. hardware, technological, organizational, business, The functionality mus tiness be there but without proper addressing of QA it is worth energyDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201111 / 78Quality AttributesInuence on QAsTypically, a star subdivision evict not address a QA completely Any QA is inuenced by triple factors and their interactions E.g. a UI component has a high story of usability however, usability of the body is compromised if a data management component has poor performance in accessing the data users need to keep extensive poor usability Components and their interactions software architecture QAs are directly inuenced by software architectureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201112 / 78Runtime QAPURSPURS (performance, usability, reliability, security) action time performance, memory, disk, or earnings custom Usability human factors, flabby to learn, easy to use, dependability handiness, safety, Security au then(prenominal)tication, data protection, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201113 / 78Runtime QA process condemnation performance is most obvious Measured in the number of operations per second Also, latency the time from receiving an input and producing an output Other measures memory, disk, network utilization or throughputDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201114 / 78Runtime QAPerformanceDierent measures are typically traded o against each other(a) E.g. increasing throughput may increase latency Time performance dexterity be increased with more memory True performance of the dust is not solely dened by performance of single components still also by their interactions and the overall processes in the systemDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201115 / 78Runtime QAPerformance factorsChoice of algorithms Database design Communication mental imagery managementDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201116 / 78Runtime QAChoice of algorithmsPerformance of algorithms is m easured by their complexity (big O) E.g. linear complexity O(n) Running time increases in direct proportion to the size of the data E.g. polynomial complexity O(n2 ) It does not scale double size of the data running time increased by factor of 4 Goal O(nlog (n))Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201117 / 78Runtime QADatabase designPerformance of database queries muckle dominate the overall performance The design of the tables has broad impact on the overall performance Techniques to improve it lazy evaluation, replication, caching Some additional cost to manage replication and/or caching In-memory databases (real-time systems) Developing a bracing database (search engines)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201118 / 78Runtime QACommunication lucre overhead Package data according to a protocol, sending data over network all(prenominal) layer means additional overhead Think how to use network packaging binary data as XML? Use more thrust formats, e.g. JSON vs XMLDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201119 / 78Runtime QAResources managementOverloaded components need to be avoided A chain is only as strong as its weakest wed E.g. a single-threaded shared resource is in use all other threads are blocked Very dicult to track downDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201120 / 78Runtime QAUsabilityUsability is a actually rich eld If usability is valuable you will need a usability expert Combination of many factors responsiveness, vivid design, user expectations, condence Measuring with time taken to complete task, error rate, time to response, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201121 / 78Runtime QAResponsiveness and data availabilityAn example of relations betwixt QAs Usability requires that the system responds to user actions within a certain period of time If it is a complex system this need translates into performance along the avenue of the user actionD enis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201122 / 78Runtime QAResponsiveness and data availabilityFigure Usability vs. Performance Source Software Architecture Primer by Reekie, McAdamDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201123 / 78Runtime QADiscussion on relations between QAsThis plat shows that we need to pay forethought to tuning communicationbetween B and Y Performance of the communication channel is a consequence of a usability requirement Do we need to halt security of the communication channel?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201124 / 78Runtime QADiscussion on relations between QAsThis diagram shows that we need to pay attending to tuning communication between B and Y Performance of the communication channel is a consequence of a usability requirement Do we need to stomach security of the communication channel? We support QAs always only as a response to user needs Never because it is needed anywayDenis Helic (KMI, T U Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201124 / 78Runtime QADiscussion on relations between QAsIf we support security even if it is not needed Very often QAs exerciseopposing forces on the system Security requires a lot of checking performance will suer usability will suer A minimalistic approach develop only what is requiredDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201125 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityIn traditional engineering disciplines reliability measures the failure rate of the system Failure rate specied by mean time to failure MTTF A related measure mean time between failures MTBF MTTR is mean time to repair A is availabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201126 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityMTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A=MTTF MTBF MTTF MTTF +MTTRE.g. expected availability of Web systemsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201127 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityMTBF = MTTF + MTTR A= A=MTTF MTBF MTTF MTTF +MTTRE.g. expected availability of We b systems 1 (always up-and-running) = MTTF Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201127 / 78Runtime QAReliabilityIncreasing reliability involves scrutiny However, impossible to prove that a system is correct, i.e. without bugs Acceptability of errors depends on thenature of a system Personal desktop use bugs are typically tolerated green light level medium reliability level High-reliable systems bugs advise be fatalDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201128 / 78Runtime QASecurityIncreasingly important opinion of systems is security Because systems are exposed to threats Especially networked systems As with other QAs security is a clothe of related responses to user needsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201129 / 78Runtime QA stylemarkRequirement for identication of users with a system Users present credentials so that the system can identify them Typically username and password Other forms certicates, shiny cards, bi ometric featuresDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201130 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationAfter authentication authorization which functions and what data is available for users This information is captured in an authorization model feeler control lists (ACL) dene who can access and how a resource might be accessed E.g. read access, write access, delete access, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201131 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationDrawbacks of ACLs It is resource based, e.g. a page in a CMS Often, authorization needs to address functions or tasks Also, managing of ACLs is dicult, e.g. subresources of resources Also, performance problems with checkingDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201132 / 78Runtime QAAuthorizationAnother model office staff-based access control (RBAC) Roles are used to manage many-to-many relations between users and permissions Roles are used to represent the job functions, e.g. author, teacher, savant in an E-learning system Permissions are modeled as get off the grounds of roles, e.g. create page, create tests, Users are than assigned to a role and acquire automatically permissions of that roleDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201133 / 78Non-runtime QAMeTRiCSMeTRiCS (maintainability, evolvability, testability, reusability, integrability, congurability, scalability) Maintainability how easy can you x bugs and add new features Evolvability how easy your system copes with changes Testability how easy can you test the system for correctnessDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201134 / 78Non-runtime QAMeTRiCSReusability how easy is to use software elements in other contexts, e.g. a software library Integrability how easy you can make the separately developed components of the system work correctly together Congurability how easy can a system be congured for dierent installations and target groups Scalability how easy the system copes with a hi gher performance demandDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201135 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityThis QA considers the alone lifecycle of a system What happens during system operation? Property that allows a system to be modied after deployment wirh ease E.g. extensible, modied behavior, xing errorsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201136 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityAt the design and implementation level Code comments Object-oriented principles and design rules Consistent programming styles DocumentationDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201137 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityMaintainability is very important because any software system will change over time Experience shows that such changes tend to degrade the system over time Software systems are subject to entropy The cumulative eect of changes degrades the quality of the systemDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201138 / 78Non-runtime QA MaintainabilityThe systems tend to acquire messy systems Regardless of how a nice plan you had at beginning Design for change recollect OO design rules Abstract messy parts of the system so that they can be exchangedDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201139 / 78Non-runtime QAMaintainabilityDont be afraid to refactor and rewrite and redesign Each software vendor does this with major versions Create throw-away prototypes Think out-of-box and innovate Dont always follow a hype very often nothing new in hypes E.g. Web servicesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201140 / 78Non-runtime QATestabilityMeans to improve testability Test cases if something fails there is a bug musical interval of the testing framework and the system, i.e. testing with scripts from outside LoggingDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201141 / 78Non-runtime QACongurabilityAbility of a system to vary its useable parameters without re-compiling or re-i nstalling E.g. selecting appropriate database drivers, conguring network parameters, Typically, realized by a set of conguration les E.g. Apache Web server conguration le sets host name, realistic hosts, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201142 / 78Non-runtime QACongurabilityCongurability interacts with other QAs such as testability, maintainability, reliability High degree of congurability tends to have a negative impact on those QAs Testing of dierent system conguration becomes more dicult reliability compromised Congurable components will be strongly parametrized decreased maintainabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201143 / 78Non-runtime QAScalabilityAbility of a system to increase its capacity without re-compiling or re-installing E.g. serving additional Web pages means only write these Web pages into a Web server le system Somemultiplication increasing capacity means increasing hardware, e.g. Web server clusters Managing us er session on the client side, means only providing additional code-on-demand from the serverDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201144 / 78Requirements Analysis lessonSystem descriptionWeb-based Network Analysis Tool W-NAT A simple and usable system for network analysis is needed. Networks are entities that contain not only individuals but also their connections with other individuals (see e.g. 3 for an example). The system accepts a network representations as a list of pairs of connected nodes stored in a dataset le. Nodes are represented as integers. An edge between two nodes is stored as a line containing two nodes delimited by a tabulator. Users might upload datasets to the systems and store them for further analysis. Each user might upload multiple datasets and can execute various analysis on those datasets. The system keeps the track of the analysis history for each user. Users may calculate degree distributions, network diameter, clustering coecient, co nnectivity measures, singular set, and dierent centrality measures. Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz) SA Analysis and Design Oct 19, 2011 45 / 78Requirements Analysis exemplificationSystem descriptionWeb-based Network Analysis Tool W-NAT Users can execute various deliberations on multiple datasets in parallel. The system must not be blocked if a calculation is currently under way. or else it should be possible to start a new calculation, or view previous calculations, etc. In case of longer calculations the system needs to force out the user by e-mail when the calculation is over. The results of the calculations should be available in textual and in graphical form. All results can be also downloaded to a local computer. The system will be used by a group of students that learn the basics of network analysis. It is expect that at any times the system will be used by multiple users executing multiple calculations. Since the system is primarily an educational tool it needs to be pedagogi cally sound, i.e. simplicity and usability are very important.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201146 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleSystem description6 How to search in a small worldPajekFigure 2 HP Labs email communication (light grey lines) mapped onto the organizational hierarchy of HP Labs constructed out the e-mail communication. Figure hearty network(black lines). Note that communication tends to cling to of formal organizational chart. From How to search a social network, Adamic, 2005.with one another. The h-distance, used to navigate the network, is computed as follows individuals have h-distance one to their passenger vehicle and to everyone they share a manager with. Distances are then recursively assigned, so that each individual has h-distance 2 to their rst neighbors neighbors, and h-distance 3 to their second Denis Helic (KMI, TU neighbors neighbors, etc. SA Analysis and Design Graz)Oct 19, 201147 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleSystem desc riptionWeb-based Network Analysis Tool W-NAT The system is a Web-based system and the users should be able to shut away the system by using a standard Web browser. The users need not install any additional plugins to operate the system. User perceived performance of the system should be acceptable. In addition, standard Web usability concepts need to be followed. In particular, browser back button must be working at all times and it should be possible to bookmark pages at all times. Finally, standard Web design principles should be satised, kernel that pages are valid (X)HTML pages in at least HTML Transitional. The system needs to support cross browser compatibility. Further, each page and each important application state needs to have a unique and human-readable URL.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201148 / 78Requirements Analysis Example useful requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.1 UR 1.2 UR1.3 UR1.4 UR1.5 Out-degree distribution In-degree distribution Cumulative out-degree distribution Cumulative in-degree distribution Hop plotDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201149 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.6 lot coecient UR1.7 Distribution of weakly connected components UR1.8 Distribution of strongly connected components UR1.9 Left singular vector UR1.10 Right singular vectorDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201150 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR1 The system is a network analysis tool. The system can calculate the following measures. UR1.12 UR1.12 UR1.13 UR1.14 UR1.15 Network singular values Degree centrality Closeness centrality Betweenness centrality Eigenvector centralityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201151 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional re quirementsUR2 Networks are stored in dataset les. UR3 The dataset le has the following format. NodeID1 t NodeID2n UR4 Users can upload multiple datasets to the system. UR5 To perform an analysis users select a dataset and then choose a measure to calculate.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201152 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR6 For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7 Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8 When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9 The system noties users just about a nished calculation by e-mail.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201153 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR6 For each user and for each dataset the system manages a history of calculations. UR7 Users may initiate multiple calculations simultaneously. UR8 When a calculation is started the system is not blocked. UR9 The system no ties users about a nished calculation by e-mail. When is this notication needed? If the user is logged out?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201153 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as easily as in a graphic form.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as headspring as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? graphics format?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation resul ts are presented in a textual as well as in agraphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12 Users can register with the system.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, howarchived? UR12 Users can register with the system. How register? E-mail? Captcha?De nis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleFunctional requirementsUR10 The calculation results are presented in a textual as well as in a graphic form. Which form? Format? Graphics format? UR11 Users can download the calculation results. Single results? All results? Archived, how archived? UR12 Users can register with the system. How register? E-mail? Captcha? UR13 Users can login and log out.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201154 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. UsabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Us ability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. PerformanceDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. SecurityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptableDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived per formance must be acceptable Performance and UsabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5 Web-based system should be available at all times .Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR1 The system is simple, usable and didactically sound. Usability UR2 The system needs to support multiple users simultaneously. Performance How many users? UR3 Authentication should be supported. Security UR4 User-perceived performance must be acceptable Performance and Usability How many seconds at max users can wait? UR5 Web-based system should be available at all times. ReliabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201155 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirem entsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability,congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirements UR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. TestabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability UR9Multiple users.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleNon-functional requirementsUR6 Human-readable URLs. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability UR7 Extending the system with new metrics. Evolvability, reusability, maintainability, testability, integrability, congurability UR8 Reliability of a Web-based system. Testability UR9 Multiple users. ScalabilityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201156 / 78Requirements Analysis ExampleContextual requirementsUR1 Web browser. UR2 reasoned (X)HTML, at least (X)HTML Transitional. UR3 No browser plugins are allowed.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201157 / 78architectural Analysis DesignAnalysisWe analyze the requirements and drive to identify so-called key concepts Understanding of the domain Static part of the domain We also try to identify key process and activities Dynamic part of the domainDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201158 / 78architectural Analysis DesignDesignDesign is the process of creating models (recollect the denition of SA) Two basic types of architectural models Structure and behavior Architectural structure is a static model of a system (i.e. how the system is divided into componen ts) Architectural behavior is a dynamic model of a system (i.e. how the components interact with each other to perform some useful work)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201159 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureThe division of a system into components and connectors To represent the model box-and-lines diagrams (to see at a glance important concepts) It is important to remember that diagrams are only representations of the model Diagrams must always be accompanied by additional material such as text, data models, mathematical models, etc. The conspiracy of diagrams and additional material is an architectural modelDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201160 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureWhat is a component? What is a connector? Components might be subsystems, separate processes, source code packages, Connectors might be network protocols, method invocations, associations, The combination of diagrams and additional material is an architectural modelDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201161 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureFigure Example of an architectural structureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201162 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureIn the diagram we have one user-interface and one database component But what is the criteria for deciding what is a component? Separate program modules? Separate threads or processes? Conceptual or functional division? And what about connectors? Network protocols? Callbacks? solicit/response cycles? Method invocations?Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201163 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureWhat is the level of granularity of a diagram? E.g. for a Web-based system, components are servers and browsers and connector is HTTP But, components of a server are HTTP parser, le I/O, cache, plug-ins, Denis Hel ic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201164 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural structureComparison with OO a component is an object and a connector is a message sent between two objects Because models in OO are very well dened Therefore, we need additional information that accompanies diagrams To describe criteria for decomposition and provide explanations on granularityDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201165 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorComplementing structure is architectural behavior Interaction of system elements to perform some useful work Functionality vs. behavior Functionality is what the system can do and behavior is the activity sequenceDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201166 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorExample Accessing a tweets document Request is sent to the Web presentation layer That layer forwards the request to the application logic, e.g. Tweet Deck TweetDeck contacts TweetViews to obtain a particular template, then retrieves the data from TweetDB wraps it into an HTML response and sends the response to TweetUI Functionality allows me to display a tweets document, behavior is the sequence of activities that makes it happenDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201167 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorEach component has a set of responsibilities Behavior is the way how these responsibilities are exercised to respond to some event An event may be an action of the user or an event from an external system A particular behavior is an event plus a response in the form of a sequence of component responsibilitiesDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201168 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorTo represent behavioral models we use use-case map notation by Buhr A use-case map consists of a imbibe drawn through a structural diagram of the system The path of the trace through a structural diagram shows the sequence of activities Each crossing of a component by the trace indicates exercising of a tariffDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201169 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Types of traces in use-case mapsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201170 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behavior(a) Single trace all responsibilities exercised sequentially (b) Two traces are consecutive Equivalent to single trace but shows that continuation is triggered by another event (c) And-Fork The traces after the line are potentially concurrent (run in parallel)Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201171 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Types of traces in use-case mapsDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201172 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behavior(a) N-Way And-Fork the trace after the fork may be replicated an arbitrary number of times (b) Or-Fork The trace is split and activity proceeds along one or another path (c) Seq-Fork The traces after the line are followed in the order indicated by the arrowDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201173 / 78Architectural Analysis DesignArchitectural behaviorFigure Example of architectural behaviorDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201174 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsWe can examine a system from dierent points of view Dierent kinds of views Conceptual components are set of responsibilities and connectors are ow of information Execution components are execution units (processes) and connectors are messages between processes slaying components are libraries, source code, les, etc and connectors are protocols, api calls, etc.Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201175 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsThere are other models as well We will ment ion them but we will investigate only previous three models Data model describes the data Physical modeldescribes servers, rewalls, workstations, Denis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201176 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsEach view provides dierent information about the structure of the system Each view addresses a specic set of concerns All views taken together is the primary means of documenting software architectureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201177 / 78Architectural ViewsArchitectural viewsThe conceptual architecture considers the structure of the system in impairment of its domain-level functionality The execution architecture considers the system in terms of its runtime structure The implementation architecture considers the system in terms of its build-time structureDenis Helic (KMI, TU Graz)SA Analysis and DesignOct 19, 201178 / 78